Tag Archive: Pulitzer Prize


I just came across this review I wrote a while back – another Pulitzer Prize winner:

THE STONE DIARIES by Carol Shields (1995)

“Life is an endless recruiting of witnesses” 

 There’s a grace and elegance to Carol Shields’ writing that evokes classic Victorian fiction by female writers such as Jane Austen or George Eliot.

The subject matter too owes much to this British tradition. Like Eliot she is fascinated by un-historic acts and those who live hidden lives. Although her family lineage in this novel is invented, the illusion of reality is fostered through the inclusion of photographs taken from the albums of the characters. The acceptance of this playful deception is acknowledged early in the novel when Shields writes: “The recounting of a life is a cheat, of course; I admit the truth of this; even our own stories are obscenely distorted; it is a wonder that we keep faith with the simple container of our existence”.

These thoughts are supposedly those of the main character, Daisy Stone whose birth in 1905 and death some 90 years later provides the novel’s framework.

The chapter titles indicate the strict linear sequence so that in between chapters one and ten (‘Birth 1905’ and ‘Death’) we have Childhood, Marriage, Love, Work, Sorrow, Ease, Ilness & Decline.

The early chapters are the strongest. The tragic death of Daisy’s mother, Mercy, in childbirth is movingly evoked as is the description of the father, Cuyler, and his solitary attempt to come to terms with this sudden loss. He was not even aware that Mercy was pregnant and the gulf between events and explanations is one of the novels’ recurring themes. The absence of open communication of thoughts and feelings causes Daisy’s second husband, Barker Flett, 12 years her senior, to write wistfully on his deathbed: “Between us we have never mentioned the word love. I have sometimes wondered whether it was the disparity of our ages that made the word seem foolish, or else something stiff and shy in our natures that forbade its utterance”.

These words are read after he has died (“I thought we would have more time”) so there is no sense that he imagined an answer to this mystery would be forthcoming.

Life is depicted in terms of a series of hopes, regrets and losses; the inevitable conclusion of which is cause for reflection but not an excuse for fatalistic acceptance. Even in seemingly uneventful lives there can be a dignity of forbearance and a willingness to embrace change.

The experiences recounted here are primarily from a female perspective and one of Shields’ strengths is that she does not shy away from sex as a primary catalyst for the life choices and the gulf between the myth of the sex act as liberating experience for women in the early part of the 20th century.

TINKERS – In my time of dying.

A lot of prize winning novels are like Paul Harding’s Tinkers – worthy, philosophical, at times profound but ultimately a bit dull.

It doesn’t particularly surprise me that Harding had great difficulty getting the book published.  He met with numerous rejection letters before it was eventually accepted by an independent publishing house – Bellevue Literary Press.. He believes publishers were reluctant to take a chance on the book because they feel was that “nobody wants to read a slow, contemplative, meditative, quiet book”. Its subsequent success proves this to be a wholly false assumption.

The fact that a first novel by an author in his early 40s can scoop the 2010 Pulitzer Prize for Fiction is encouraging for budding authors but it is not a novel that enthralled or convinced me.

Harding is a graduate of the Iowa Creative Writer’s Workshop and currently a teacher of creative writing at Harvard. He was raised in New England where Tinkers is set.

Harding calls his methodology “interrogative writing” and the premise of the novel is built around speculation about the question : what is the thing you will remember most in your life when you are about to die?

Paul Harding

This is what is on the mind of the 80 year old man as the story opens with the arresting line: “George Washington Crosby began to hallucinate eight days before he died”.  George is dying of renal failure although with a precision that is a feature of Harding’s style we learn that “His actual death was going to be from poisoning by uric acid”.

George worked as a clock repairer and time is a key theme of the novel, as it is with a very different, and much better, book A Visit From The Goon Squad by Jennifer Egan which won the Pulitzer Award this year.

When you start reading the book, you imagine that George will be the main character but, in fact, it is his father Howard Aaron Crosby who has this role. He is a tinker by trade and cursed by epilepsy.

Playing with the word ‘tinker’, Harding settles on ‘tintinnabulation’, a new word to me which means the sound of bells; or ,in the context of the novel, the ringing of pots and buckets Howard carries on his cart when doing his rounds. This sound is equated with the ‘aura’ that descends on Howard when he becomes aware that he is about to have a seizure:  “Cold hopped onto the tips of his toes and rode on the ripples of the ringing throughout his body until his teeth clattered and his knees faltered and he had to hug himself to keep from unraveling”.

The controlled beauty of passages like this are reminiscent of Marilynne Robinson who, not coincidentally, taught Harding at Skidmore College and wrote a rave review of Tinkers which helped it gain wider attention. Like Robinson’s novels, most of the story is built around the interior lives of the characters; what goes on in their heads rather than what they do with their bodies.

The most dramatic event is the decision of Howard to leave his wife and family when he learns that his stern wife is about to have him committed to an asylum because of his epilepsy.

Much of the tension of the book is built on how this affected the life of his dying son George who was just 12 years old when his father left without warning.

Harding’s story may not be action-packed but the novel does illustrate a sad truth that when a person dies a vital link to the past disappears for ever.

George’s work as an horologist allows scope for analogies between how a clock functions and how lives interconnect. Harding is equally adept at drawing on symbolism from nature. At one point, Howard looks up in a wood and observes that “the branches  of maples and oaks and birch leaned across the road toward one another and intertwined and became nearly indistinguishable”. This is not a casual image as I think Harding is suggesting that our memories and, particularly those surrounding family histories are like these tangled branches.

This attention to detail is impressive but I found the detached quality of the storytelling made it hard to engage with the characters.

We learn very little about  George’s life beyond his work and relationship with his father so it is hard to feel much sympathy with his passing.

Links:

Mr. Cinderella: From Rejection Notes to the Pulitzer  (NY Times)
The Literary Horologist  (Open Loop press – interview with Paul Harding)

A Visit From The Goon Squad by Jennifer Egan

I have this on-off plan to have read all of the Pulitzer Prize winners for best fiction. I’ll probably never finish it, but it’s fun all the same. I still have a long way to go. Of the 18 titles since 1994, I have now read 11 of them. Before, going back to 1948 there are big gaps to plug as I’ve only read seven of these. The idea behind this project is to introduce me to books I might not otherwise come across and to prevent me slipping into a pattern of reading only titles by known authors or familiar genres. Of the recent winners only Annie Proulx’s The Shipping News and Cormac McCarthy’s The Road are books I’m sure I would have read anyway. Jennifer Egan’s novel is one I had never heard of prior to it being announced as the prize winner in 2011. Reading it has vindicated and revitalised my Pulitzer plan. It is a quite brilliant book. In 1972, there was a corny but cute song by Jim Croce called Time In A Bottle which opened with the verse: “If I could save time in a bottle / The first thing that I’d like to do / Is to save every day / Till eternity passes away / Just to spend them with you”. The sentiment is very sloppy and, of course, entirely impracticable – days can’t last forever and words cannot make wishes come true. This song played in my head while reading Egan’s multifaceted novel because it is one in which each of its many characters experience the effects the relentless march of time has on their lives . In Italy the novel is translated as ‘Il tempo è un bastardo’ . time is a bastard.

Jennifer Egan

Goon Squad has many possible meanings but here the ‘goon’ of the title is ‘time’, as in the expression “Time’s a goon” which is first voiced by a gone-to-seed musician Bosco who contemplates a series of comeback concerts which he calls his ‘suicide tour’ since there’s a high possibility he will die somewhere en-route. Egan explained in an interview in The Daily Beast that she came up with this expression when thinking that “time is the stealth goon, the one you ignore because you are so busy worrying about the goons right in front of you”. The opening quote from Proust’s In Search of Lost Time expands on this key theme: “Poets claim that we recapture for a moment the self that we were long ago……..but these are the most hazardous pilgrimages, which as often end in disappointment as success”. Put another way, while we may think back nostalgically to key moments in our lives, we can never be that person again or repeat the set of circumstance that led up to it. And life can be kind or cruel, as one down, and almost out, character (Scotty ) reflects on the fine line between success and failure “I understood what almost no-one else seemed to grasp: that there was only an infinitesimal difference, a difference so small that it barely existed except as a figment of the human imagination”. The non linear time frame of the novel takes us from around the late 1970s to somewhere around 2020 and Egan skilfully interweaves the past with the present and, for good measure, often adds poignant glimpses or hints of what the future holds. Take for example this description of young movie starlet Kitty Jackson : “Kitty is so young and well nourished so sheltered from the gratuitous cruelty of others, so unaware yet that she will reach middle age and eventually die (possibly alone) because she has not yet disappointed herself, merely startled the world with her own premature accomplishments”. Thus at the peak of her success, when this actress is at her most luminous, we are reminded how transient this all is and that the painful road ahead is destined to be mainly downhill. There are numerous moments when characters are locked in a moment that they realise at the time is significant, so they say things like:

  • “Let’s remember this day, even when we don’t know each other anymore”
  • “Let’s make sure it’s always like this”
  • “I want to stay here forever with Dad”
  • “It felt like it would never end”

The reality, which they know themselves, is that we cannot freeze time or hold back the ageing process. This is a life’s tragedy but can also be a blessing. In one scene, Ted is contemplating his passionless, unhappy marriage to Susan reflects: “..a sort of amnesia has overtaken Susan; her rebellion and hurt had melted away, deliquesced into a sweet, eternal sunniness that was terrible in the way that life would be terrible, Ted supposed, without death to give it gravitas and shape”. This catalogue of faded or adjusted dreams and contemplations on the fragility of happiness could have made for a depressing novel. Yet while Egan’s book, set mainly in her native New York, is full of sadness it is also very funny. The sharpness of her insights show people’s infinite capacity to delude themselves, present the superficiality of the media (especially in the music industry) and casts a cool eye on how technology opens up new possibilities (one chapter is in the form of power point slides) while triggering a nostalgia for the analogue culture. Jennifer Egan’s bold and structurally complex novel takes up various threads, some of which are left dangling, some of which are picked up again but ultimately she knows exactly where she is going and reaches a closure of sorts although with the arrival “another girl, new to the city” at the conclusion there is also a recognition that as one story ends another begins. Link: Jennifer Egan Q & A (Observer Interview)

I am ashamed to confess that I was, until recently, unfamiliar with the work of Anne Sexton.

That I have discovered her now is thanks to a remarkable album by Val-Inc which I have just reviewed for Whisperin’ and Hollerin’. This record uses samples from two of Sexton’s poems read by the author herself. The poems are ‘Music Swims Back To Me’ and ‘Her Kind’.

These, as with all her poetry, came about as a direct result of therapy. Sexton struggled with depression and obsessions with suicide. Her psychotherapists advised her to try and put her fears into words. The result they may have been cathartic but didn’t serve as a cure as she eventually took her own life aged 46 in 1974.
She has been called a ‘confessional poet’ because of the candour with which she describes her profound anxieties and related struggles to connect with other people.

Many critics questions the artistic merits of writing , many more  were uncomfortable with writing that was so raw and personal. This didn’t stop her from winning the Pulitzer Prize in 1967. on the strength of her collection ‘Live or Die’ .

To see the world without a filter is liable to drive anyone crazy. What is regarded as conventional and ‘proper’ behaviour means to play along with forms of deceit that make the unpalatable bearable. For instance, most of us prefer not to think about death until the grim reality of it stares us in the face through the loss of a loved one. To refuse to go along with this pretence is to risk, at best, being labelled lacking in social graces, at worth being certified as insane.

Sexton’s inner turmoil stems from the fact that she could not live her life according to the surface ‘pleasantries’  Erica Jong, wrote that: “She is an important poet not only because of her courage in dealing with previously forbidden subjects, but because she can make the language sing”.
This is her poem ‘Her Kind’ :

I have gone out, a possessed witch,

haunting the black air, braver at night;

dreaming evil, I have done my hitch

over the plain houses, light by light:

lonely thing, twelve-fingered, out of mind.

A woman like that is not a woman, quite.

I have been her kind.

I have found the warm caves in the woods,

filled them with skillets, carvings, shelves,

closets, silks, innumerable goods;

fixed the suppers for the worms and the elves:

whining, rearranging the disaligned.

A woman like that is misunderstood.

I have been her kind.

I have ridden in your cart, driver,

waved my nude arms at villages going by,

learning the last bright routes, survivor

where your flames still bite my thigh

and my ribs crack where your wheels wind.

A woman like that is not ashamed to die.

I have been her kind.

Film of her reading her works show that she was also a very sensual woman and what a great loss it was that she died so young: